TY - JOUR TI - Enhancement of neural crest formation by mechanical force in Xenopus development AU - Kaneshima, Toki AU - Ogawa, Masaki AU - Yamamoto, Takayoshi AU - Tsuboyama, Yosuke AU - Miyata, Yuki AU - Kotani, Takahiro AU - Okajima, Takaharu AU - Michiue, Tatsuo T2 - The International Journal of Developmental Biology AB - In vertebrate development, ectoderm is specified into neural plate (NP), neural plate border (NPB), and epidermis. Although such patterning is thought to be achieved by molecular concentration gradients, it has been revealed, mainly by in vitro analysis, that mechanical force can regulate cell specification. During in vivo patterning, cells deform and migrate, and this applies force to surrounding tissues, shaping the embryo. However, the role of mechanical force for cell specification in vivo is largely unknown. In this study, with an aspiration assay and atomic force microscopy, we have demonstrated that tension on ectodermal cells decreases laterally from the midline in Xenopus early neurula. Ectopically applied force laterally expanded the neural crest (NC) region, a derivative of the NPB, whereas force relaxation suppressed it. Furthermore, force application activated both the FGF and Wnt pathways, which are required for NC formation during neuroectodermal patterning. Taken together, mechanical force is necessary for NC formation in order to regulate signaling pathways. Furthermore, molecular signals specify the NP and generate force on neighboring tissue, the NPB, with its closure. This force activates signals, possibly determining the appropriate width of a narrow tissue, the NC. PY - 2024 DO - 10.1387/ijdb.230273tm VL - 68 IS - 1 SP - 25 EP - 37 J2 - Int. J. Dev. Biol. LA - en SN - 0214-6282 SN - 1696-3547 UR - https://ijdb.ehu.eus/article/230273tm Y2 - 2024/12/21/18:02:54 ER -