TY  - JOUR
TI  - Loss of plakophilin 2 disrupts heart development in zebrafish
AU  - Moriarty, MiriamA.
AU  - Ryan, Rebecca
AU  - Lalor, Pierce
AU  - Dockery, Peter
AU  - Byrnes, Lucy
AU  - Grealy, Maura
T2  - The International Journal of Developmental Biology
AB  - The desmosomal armadillo protein plakophilin 2 is the only plakophilin expressed in the heart, and mutations in the human plakophilin 2 gene result in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. To investigate loss of function, we knocked down plakophilin 2 by morpholino microinjection in zebrafish. This resulted in decreased heart rate, cardiac oedema, blood pooling, a failure of the heart to pattern correctly and a twisted tail. Co-injection of plakophilin 2 mRNA rescued the morphant phenotype, indicating the specificity of the knockdown. Desmosome numbers were decreased in morphant hearts and the plaque and midline structures of the desmosomes in the intercalated discs were disrupted when examined by electron microscopy. cmlc2 and vmhc expression at 48 hours post-fertilization (hpf)  showed incomplete looping of the heart in morphant embryos by whole mount in situ hybridization, and bmp4 expression was expanded into the ventricle. The domain of expression of the heart marker nkx2.5 at 24 hpf was expanded. At the 18 somite stage, expression of the cardiogenic gene lefty2 was abolished in the left cardiac field, with concomitant increases in bmp4, spaw and lefty1 expression, likely resulting in the looping defects. These results indicate that plakophilin 2 has both structural and signalling roles in zebrafish heart development.
PY  - 2012
DO  - 10.1387/ijdb.113390mm
VL  - 56
IS  - 9
SP  - 711
EP  - 718
J2  - Int. J. Dev. Biol.
LA  - en
SN  - 0214-6282
SN  - 1696-3547
UR  - https://ijdb.ehu.eus/article/113390mm
Y2  - 2024/11/05/15:24:05
ER  -